Demonstrations




In de media
Why a former AIVD informant is concerned about isolation
Richard Prein had just finished his morning ritual and the first hours of working from home when he opened YouTube. Wednesday, around the afternoon, some distraction. A suggested video was at the top and called ‘Martin Bosma (PVV) versus Kajsa Ollongren (D66); The final settlement ".
Informant for police and AIVD at the extreme right: 'It was exciting, addictive even "
Informant extreme right. Richard Prein was not only the right hand of NCE leader Constant Kusters, but he was also an informer of the police. This is his story.
false reassurance, fascist danger
This week on The Correspondent an article on extreme right in the Netherlands. This is an interview with Willem Wagenaar. "For Anne Frank, he keeps meticulous track of how right-wing extremist groups and individuals develop and follows closely the growth of the extreme right."
Right-wing extremism is a growing problem. Still, this researcher is optimistic
For several years growing world right-wing extremism. More and more violence is. But researcher Netherlands Willem Wagenaar sees a positive exception.
Demonstration of neo-Nazis canceled
The demonstration of neo-Nazis planned 28 September is canceled. That leaves Richard Prein organizer of the Racial Volunteer Force know. Police have concluded that the safety of the demonstrators could not be guaranteed.
Neo-Nazi demonstration in Israel embassy is canceled, safety was not guaranteed
The demonstration of the extreme right-wing group RVF (Racial Volunteer Force) at're not going by the Embassy of Israel in The Hague.
Anger over protest neo-Nazis: "Painful demonstration which is not prohibited '
The ambassador of Israel, CIDI (Centrum Informatie en Documentatie Israël) 50Plus and find it embarrassing that a demonstration of neo-Nazis at the Israeli embassy in The Hague is not prohibited. The action group concerned Racial Volunteer Force calls its Führer Hitler.
Extreme right waives demonstration at Big Pants
NIJMEGEN – The extreme right-wing Racial Volunteer Force (RVF) blows off the demonstration them 10 November would keep the former squatters stronghold Big Pants on Van Broeck Huysstraat.
Radical right-wing demands closure RVF former squat Big Pants
NIJMEGEN - The extreme right-wing Racial Volunteer Force (RVF) will 10 November opposite the former squat demonstrate the Grote Broek. They demand that the property immediately closes its doors because it would serve as a breeding ground for left-wing extremism.
The extreme right intends to demonstrate per se at Nijmeegs squat
NIJMEGEN – The city of Nijmegen prefers not demonstrate the extreme right RVF when legalized squat Big Pants and suggested a different place. The RVF maintains the announced protest in front of the squat on Van Broeck Huysstraat in downtown.
The extreme right wants to demonstrate against Big Pants
NIJMEGEN – The far-right group RVF Netherlands wants Saturday 10 November demonstration in Nijmegen. RVF will passing the town of Nijmegen conclusion of former squatters building Big Pants
Left and right action moved to Nijmegen city center
The stained text "Welcome Refugees’ the Nijmegen Waal bridge is no longer the deployment of the battle between left and right activists. They have moved their court for harassment from downtown Nijmegen. ‘Links’ The much-discussed text has been painted in miniature in many places in the city center; 'right’ breeds on a picnic right in front former squatters stronghold Big Pants.
Why the blazes left-right struggle "Welcome Refugees’ so high in Nijmegen?
Going enshrined the words that symbolize tolerance and forbearance, lead to escalation? Opens the row over the besmirching of the slogan "Welcome Refugees’ into a confrontation between (extreme)right activists and left-wing activists in Nijmegen? Or remains in a verbal fight?
Far-right group RVF Netherlands maintains spontaneous action in Nijmegen
The group extreemrechtste RVF Netherlands, Nijmegen Saturday in their own words with a man or fifteen held a spontaneous protest. Spokesman John Willemse will not say where in the city, or what time the meeting is held.
Chronicle
In Oss becomes a demonstration against “The people's death, western imperialism, capitalism and Zionism” held. Via an internet page of RVF Landstorm Nederland against "the asylum madness” spread the call. The call is accompanied by a banner with the text: “The system of multiculture brings us the Popular Death“. RVF foreman Johnboy Willemse is involved in organizing. There is talk in speeches about a firework bomb that, sometime last week, at his house and his living room bar De Nationalist in Ravenstein thrown in. There are about thirty protesters, including people Zwart Front. They chant the National Socialist slogan “free, social and national“.
A neo-Nazi demonstration in German Remagen with the Dutch Simon van Dijk en Stefan Wijkamp as participants. Activists from the NPD en Die Rechte active. The Dutch website of RVF Landstorm Nederland has called to participate: “Memorial march, for the dead of the Rhine meadow camp“.
De NVU demonstrates under the direction of Constant Kusters for the figure of Zwarte Piet at the entry of Sinterklaas in Maassluis. There are between twenty and thirty participants. There is a group of activists from UWSH at and also the KNN is here from the province of Groningen. There are activists Identitair Verzet en RVF Landstorm Nederland. Apart from this action, a pro-Black Piet activist on the Internet threatens violence around this day. He shows a photo of a large number of machetes and knives and writes with them: “well prepared for entry Maassluis. Hands off Zwarte Piet“. According to a newspaper, the KNN-activists, along with football hooligans, also looking for anti-Zwarte Piet protesters.
A demonstration of Gemeinsam-Stark Deutschland in Dortmund with musical performances by bands such as Oidoxie en Kategorie C. here speaks Edwin Wagensveld van Pegida Netherlands and the German Torsten Frank, which often with Pegida demonstrates in the Netherlands. A striking speaker is the Dortmund neo-Nazi Siegfried “SS-Sigi” Borchardt. Other Dutch people walking around here are Johnboy Willemse en Patricia Visser with them RVF Landstorm Nederland banner “Stop the Multicultural Terror. Borders closed now!!! Landstorm Netherlands“. A group of Dutch neo-Nazis are seen in the vicinity of one of the leaders of Combat 18 Will Browning, who partly lives in the Netherlands. It is for example about Angelo de Bruyn en Barry Kluft. Walking further Patrick Hendriks, Danny Janssen en Ed Polman mee.
On a website of De Nationalist from Ravenstein photos are posted of Nazi stickers posted at a supermarket in Oss. It is about RVF Landstorm Nederland-stickers with text “Our nationalism Your salvation, Our Socialism Your future” and a sticker of Zwarte Piet with the text “Ons Land, our Culture, our Holidays” van Zwart Front.
The fifteenth IJzerwake in Steenstrate in Belgium. This is a great gathering of the extreme right wing of the Flemish Movement on Sunday with a Catholic Mass and radical speeches. The Dutch group RVF Landstorm Nederland call in advance to participate. There is a delegation from the NVU present with Martin de Regt, Adé Jansen en Frieda Jansen-Bastiaans. A group of militants Voorpost takes the stewards and security at its expense. in the flag parade Voorpost also represented and are Florens van der Kooi en Bernie Flapper standard bearers. the musician Robin Versteeg occurs under his pseudonym “Wilfred” on the main stage on guitar and vocals.
The Living Room bar De Nationalist from Ravenstein put some pictures on the internet of Nazi pasted stickers RVF Landstorm Nederland, some of which at the train station Nijmegen. It is black stickers with the text: “Nationalism us your salvation. Our Socialism your future. RVF Landstormsvägen“.
Johnboy Willemse the neo-Nazi group RVF Landstorm Nederland and from the pub De Nationalist from Ravenstein hold a demonstration Oss with the theme: “demonstration against the Multi Culture and asylum tide“. He calls his action group ‘Stop the insanity asylum in Oss'. The municipality Oss has not authorized a demonstration through downtown because of earlier violence against a property of some asylum seekers by unknown. The group should move to a residential area next to the center, and there runs with 25 rechtsextremisten her protesttocht. There are slogans called as: “Netherlands for Netherlands, eigen volk eerst. We are the people. Our opposition does not prohibit them. This system is misery, We are accustomed. Nationaalsocialisme now!“. They have Dutch flags and a flag with her prince. On a black banner stands: “Against the system, Resistance does not prohibit them, we are the people“. There is also a small delegation Zwart Front in with flags "to express solidarity with the people of Oss”. The demonstration ends in a place where many immigrant loiterers, who wisely leave when the demonstration shows the corner.
At the end of the afternoon post RVF Landstorm Nederland a series of photos on the Internet of the German military cemetery in Lommel, Belgium. The group visited the cemetery. are the pictures Johnboy Willemse, Patricia Visser en Wesley Hols to recognize.
On a web page titled “Stop the insanity bowl asylum in opposition” from the angle of RVF Landstorm Nederland calls for evening in Oss a demonstration of others to come against the housing of some asylum seekers. They write there "If it were up to us we will be there every day. This is against the asylum”. There is a protest of about fifty people to a house where some Syrian brothers come to live. There are two speeches and banners of living pub De Nationalist from Ravenstein and the Noord-Brabants Verzetsfront. The demonstration passed peacefully, but photographs can be seen that a window of the house is smashed, what's happened before.
In Ravenstein demonstrates also members of a group including RVF Landstorm Nederland under the slogan “Freedom for Palestine“. They run about fifteen people and a banner of the Anti-Zionist Front (AZF) through the village and stabbing yellow smoke off. They are all dressed in black, shouting slogans and the Hitler salute. The group also has a meeting in the extreme right living pub De Nationalist in Ravenstein. It is a garden party at the home of Johnboy Willemse and his girlfriend Patricia Visser. Besides the duo people are at the meeting recognized as Nicole Vos, Wesley Hols en Chantal Meerkens. They write as comments: “It was a successful evening in the national liberated zone around 21 Nederlandse, Flemish and French comrades“. Here the AZF is back and there is a "discussion on the global fight against Zionism and especially the Palestinian cause”.
In Oss held a demonstration on Friday by RVF Landstorm Nederland against asylum seekers and status holders. There walk about thirty people, and it is calm. There are carried banners with texts: “Stop the Multicultural terror” en “close borders“. Johnboy Willemse forms with NVU-leider Constant Kusters leading this demonstration. There run both people from outside Oss, as a handful of residents with. De NVU'is Martin de Regt is one of the speakers.
On a web page around De Nationalist from Ravenstein en RVF Landstorm Nederland are some photos of people in shirts Racial Volunteer Force and explanations: “It was cozy Saturday in the National liberated N.S.. zone“. on one of the pictures Johnboy Willemse en Patricia Visser to see.
The group RVF Landstorm Nederland, die in Ravenstein the pub De Nationalist has, This evening visit Oss to make a sound to hear at an information evening, against it “Welcome to refugees Oss“. They take their banners, and put an announcement on the website "Stop the insanity bowl asylum in opposition”. They write with it: “it is time that it comes to the crunch in the municipality Oss“. It is Johnboy Willemse see a man who has a Dutch flag where “eigen volk eerst” by state. That flag is seized.
In Oss is organizing RVF Landstorm Nederland a demonstration by about fifty people to the arrival of asylum seekers. They use the slogan “Stop the insanity bowl asylum in opposition“. is the pacemaker in protest Johnboy Willemse. They carry banners and flags with Dutch.
In Ravenstein has Johnboy Willemse a meeting in his living room pub De Nationalist. Perhaps this is a kind of drink after their demonstration RVF Landstorm Nederland, earlier in the day.
In Gouda to hold Defend Gouda en Zwart Front a demonstration against an AZC. The group RVF Landstorm Nederland calls on its supporters to do. There are fewer than fifty participants, In addition, of which only a small part Gouda itself is. They shout slogans as “No AZC!” into nazikreet “free, social and national“.
Voorpost organizes a announced event in Middelburg in the morning. It is a protest against the presentation of the “Four Freedoms Awards” the German Chancellor Angela Merkel. Voorpost Merkel wants the International Criminal Court Den Haag being sued for its hospitality to refugees. The protest was organized by Florens van der Kooi. Internet put groups like NVU, Combat 18 en RVF Landstorm Nederland calls for their members to join it. There are several dozen demonstrators present. the Flemings Rob Verreycken en Bart van Pachtenbeke its speakers, like Florens van der Kooi en Pegida-foreman Edwin Wagensveld. De NVU claiming later that she was present with ten members, but no flag NVU if fluttering. The same prohibition would apply to a flag Noord-Brabants Verzetsfront. A demonstrator was arrested.
Apart from this street protest talks Peter van Dijk, Chairman of the Group of States PVV in Zeeland, Opposes Merkel. He thinks a boycott by the PVV the award ceremony.
The neo-Nazis from RVF Landstorm Nederland Attractions Herpen bring to a wider protest against housing a small number of status holders. There is a decision of the town meeting Oss with about a hundred civilians, where outside than a protest of several dozen activists. Connects Johnboy Willemse joined with his RVF Landstorm Nederland. The neo-Nazis have a banner with them to text: "Stop the Multicultural Terror. Borders Close Now!!!“. In the residential itself is concern about the arrival of the status holders. In a recently buurtapp “Should we hang pig heads? This we do not pick up!” written.
In Den Bosch is organizing AZC-Alert a protest under the motto “No not here AZC“. The neo-Nazis from De Nationalist en RVF Landstorm Nederland hooks on in here. their activists Johnboy Willemse en Patricia Visser be there with their own banner. The Department Eindhoven van Identitair Verzet also calls for participation. It is an information session for States members of the State House on a plan municipalities of the province obliged to take a certain number of refugees. Anita Cremers-Hendriks of PVV calls on behalf AZC alert to come and listen to the “terribly undemocratic proposal dram“. De LPF Eindhoven will attend the meeting as an opponent of the plan. They fear Eindhoven then will have to take four hundred asylum seekers.
From the Noord-Brabants Verzetsfront a demonstration organized Den Bosch. to see his banners from the NBV and from RVF Landstorm Nederland and there are about forty protesters present. On the Internet, announces the demonstration with the slogan “Stop Asielwaanzin, AZC away with it!!“.
A demonstration against asylum seekers in reception Kaatsheuvel with about fifty protesters. De right extremists Roy Matthijsse, Rene van Gool en Martin de Regt are also present. The proceeds peacefully and there “AZC, Taking away” called. There is a group of Noord-Brabants Verzetsfront in with a banner on which a SS-totenkopf-logo state. from Ravenstein there is a group of RVF Landstorm Nederland/De Nationalist up with Johnboy Willemse, Wesley Hols en Chantal Meerkens and their own banner. On the Internet there is an online petition launched against “unsolicited asylum centers in the municipality Loon op Zand“.
On a social media page that appears to be related to De Nationalist/RVF Landstorm Nederland entitled "Stop the insanity bowl asylum in opposition”, are pictures of a group of people, Evening in the dark. It is explained by: “Just back from the Krinkelhoek to Oss where we were present again to our own people and we have respect for these people who take to the streets every day to defend their interests“. Earlier in the day they put a picture of stickers Identitair Verzet en Zwart Front against refugees, which will be distributed.
The group around RVF Landstorm Nederland en De Nationalist from Ravenstein reports that she has had back action against the property for four asylum seekers Oss. on a published photo Patricia Visser en Johnboy Willemse to recognize. In a crowd dozens of people involved who do not belong to these groups. In addition, insert Identitair Verzet a text on her social media page on this date: “We were en route to the station Oss Also some posters against Identitair Verzet, good job“. Collocated on a photo to see his two pasted stickers with text “Personal care in the region is more humane”. Possibly people Identitair Verzet also visited the tumult.
In the evening there is a crowd again Oss in the form of a demonstration "against adventurers” (by which are meant refugees). Here is a group of RVF Landstorm Nederland/De Nationalist from Ravenstein present with their banner “Stop the Multicultural Terror. Borders closed now!! Landstorm Netherlands”. But the word “Landstorm” is taped to the occasion. They pose for the property where the status holders must live. stands today on a newspaper Website “For the second time in a few days time the windows are smashed a house in Oss intended for asylum seekers“.
For the third night in a row Thursday people come together for a house in Oss, where four refugees with a residence permit will be housed. The Mobile Unit is ready to intervene, but it remains quiet. After an hour, the number of protesters at the house slowly from three hundred to tens. There is a group of right-wing extremists present RVF Landstorm Nederland en De Nationalist from Ravenstein with Johnboy Willemse en Patricia Visser. There is a banner with skulls and flames and text: “rural Resistance. Resistance. No no no no”.
In the town hall of Bernheze in the core Heesch held an anti-seekers demonstration around a council. The municipality has already plan 18 februari voted and today the subject is not on the agenda. There is a lot of police were called out and walk about fifty people around, mostly youths. There is a group of activists of the neo-Nazi group RVF Landstorm Nederland present with banners. Here are the texts: “Stop the Multicultural Terror. Borders closed now!!!” en “Mohammed not Welcome“. RVF foreman Johnboy Willemse says there for the fifth time.
De neonazigroep KNN organizes Winschoten a demonstration against "asylum abuse”. There are approximately fifty people showed up, Calling slogans like: “Here the national opposition marches“, “for all people, land and culture” en “or, Ahmet, Mustafa. Return to Africa“. There are also activists De Nationalist from Ravenstein with their banner "De Nationalist Landstorm Netherlands "that she targets on the RVF Landstorm Nederland group. There are also some members of the local Communist Party, of Verenigde Communistische Partij (VCP) and therefore get a councilor VCP from party.
A small far-right protest in Heesch with the theme “Stop Asylum Madness“. The emergency ordinance in Heesch was in place and gatherings banned, is 19 February has ended. There is a group of people present with a banner “De Nationalist Landstorm Netherlands” Nazi pub De Nationalist from Ravenstein en RVF Landstorm Nederland.
Some people De Nationalist en RVF Landstorm Nederland such as Patricia Visser en Johnboy Willemse from Ravenstein, want to Heesch go to the message “We say no to an AZC” wear out. This is the municipality Bernheze. There is nothing of this plan heard, thus possible, it is not continued. There has been 4 February, a emergency ordinance introduced in Heesch, causing disruption of public order and inciting gatherings are prohibited.
Publications
Monitor the extreme right in the Netherlands 2020
In this monitor report right-wing extremism, attention is paid to the development of the extreme right-wing field in the Netherlands in 2020. This is done in a longitudinal context, whereby we always place the research period within the framework of a longer development. We first pay attention to the definition and demarcation of the term extreme right. We then provide insight into the manifestations and manifestations of the extreme right. Finally, we will discuss various forms of (government)response to the phenomenon.
Open sources have been used for the compilation of this overview, to a large extent primary sources: Publications, websites and other digital media channels of extreme right-wing organizations and their supporters, conversations with (voormalige) right-wing extremists and observations of public activities (demonstraties) of these organizations. The collected data was further analyzed and framed using existing literature on right-wing extremism in the Netherlands and compared and interpreted with insights from other observers of the extreme right field..
Factsheet right-wing extremists in Dutch municipalities
Update april 2021In spring 2021 the active support of the organized extreme right is consistently small and fragmented, the number of actions carried out modest and the threat of violence minimal. Recently, however, there has been a change in the dynamics surrounding the extreme right, the new
poses threats. In addition, in recent years there has been a reduction in
seeing the social and political resistance to the extreme right, extreme right
opinions and organizations.
Extremely right & extreme left
in the municipalities of Schiedam, Rotterdam, Vlaardingen & MaassluisThanks to a combination of increasing polarization, new internet possibilities and an ideological renewal of extreme right-wing groups in particular, in recent years there has been a revival of the phenomena of the extreme right and (in the shadow) extreme left observable in Western Europe. In the Netherlands has the refugee crisis (2013-2016) played a big role in this revival. In addition, the Zwarte Pieten discussion, which has been fed very fiercely for a few years now, seized, by both extreme- right than left, to speak of a culture war. The municipalities of Schiedam, Rotterdam, Vlaardingen and Maassluis want an answer to the question in response to these developments: “What are the dangers that arise from political extremist ideas within the region at the moment, and how can the municipalities respond effectively to this?Through qualitative research in the region, combined with the internet- and a literature search conducted in the period April-September 2019 has been performed, this report tries to answer this question.
Seventh report racism, anti-Semitism and right-wing extremist violence in the Netherlands
INCIDENTS, DECLARATIONS, ACCUSED AND HANDLING IN 2017This is the seventh report Semitism, racism and right-wing extremist violence in Netherlands. The present report gives an account of these facts in the year 2017 and developments with respect to previous years. The report has been made on behalf of Anne Frank. The Anne Frank Foundation manages the Anne Frank house and brings her life story to the attention to reflect on the dangers of anti-Semitism, racisme en discriminatie en het belang van vrijheid, equal rights and democracy. The Foundation does not give in, inter alia aim to provide information and educational activities about discrimination and human rights, ter bevordering van het goed functioneren van een open, pluriforme, democratische samenleving.
A major goal of this report is to provide input for the educational activities of the Anne Frank Foundation. Furthermore, it serves as periodic reporting to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OVSE) en de Europese Unie (EU).
Factsheet extreme right in Dutch Towns
October Update 2018Before you is the update of the 'fact sheet far right Dutch municipalities' in October 2018, in which a current picture sketched by the extreme right-wing organizations active in the Netherlands. This fact sheet should provide insight into the extent, Geographically, meaning and involvement in violent incidents of various extreme right-wing organizations in Netherlands.
The composition of the list of organizations and presented facts about these organizations gathered under the Project Monitor Racism, Anti-Semitism and extreme right violence in the Netherlands.
Sixth report racism, anti-Semitism and right-wing extremist violence in the Netherlands
INCIDENTS, DECLARATIONS, ACCUSED AND HANDLING IN 2016This sixth report Semitism, racism and right-wing extremist violence in Netherlands, reports on these facts in the year 2016, and developments with respect to previous years. The report has been made on behalf of Anne Frank. The Anne Frank Foundation manages the Anne Frank house and brings her life story to the attention to reflect on the dangers of anti-Semitism, racisme en discriminatie en het belang van vrijheid, equal rights and democracy. The Foundation does not give in, inter alia aim to provide information and educational activities about discrimination and human rights, to promote the proper functioning
an open, pluriforme, democratische samenleving. A major goal of this report is to provide input for the educational activities of the Anne Frank Foundation. Furthermore, it serves as periodic reporting to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OVSE) en de Europese Unie (EU).
Monitor anti-Semitic incidents in the Netherlands 2016
CIDI recorded in 2016 109 anti-Semitic incidents in the Netherlands, opposite 126 in 2015. In more European countries, For example, in France, has been detected a decrease. These figures are higher than before 2014, with 171 incidents a peak year in connection with the war in Gaza. CIDI Welcomes Fall, while stressing the following two points: After two years, the number of reports still higher than the 'normal year' 2013, then has CIDI 100 incidents counted. Moreover, the decline largely attributable to the decline in the number of abuse-mail messages (van 12 in 2015 to 7 in 2016); this medium seems to be replaced by social media, CIDI which is receiving more reports. Social media are increasingly influencing public opinion and civil society. Therefore CIDI decided from 2017 incidents on the internet aimed at people also take the Monitor Antisemitic Incidents.
Factsheet extreme right in Dutch Towns
update March 2017Before you is the update of the 'fact sheet far right Dutch municipalities' dated March 2017, in which a current picture sketched by the extreme right-wing organizations active in the Netherlands. This fact sheet should provide insight into the extent, Geographically, meaning and involvement in violent incidents of various extreme right-wing organizations in Netherlands. The composition of the list of organizations and presented facts about these organizations gathered under the Project Monitor Racism, Anti-Semitism and extreme right violence in the Netherlands.
Factsheet extreme right in Dutch Towns
Before you is the first update of the 'fact sheet far right Dutch municipalities', in which a current picture sketched by the extreme right-wing organizations active in the Netherlands. This fact sheet should provide insight into the extent, Geographically, significance and moved- ment in violent incidents of various right-wing extremist organizations in the Netherlands. The composition of the list of organizations and the presented facts about these organizations verza- mentioned in the context of the Monitor Project Racisme, Anti-Semitism and extreme right violence in the Netherlands . The choice to take certain organizations do and not to follow the defnition and demarcation applicable within that project. This fact sheet is Social Stability commissioned by the Expertise Unit (ESS) written by the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment. about appliances- responsibility for the content lies with the author.
Fifth report racism, anti-Semitism and right-wing extremist violence in the Netherlands
INCIDENTS, DECLARATIONS, ACCUSED AND HANDLING IN 2015This report is a report on anti-Semitism, racism and right-wing extremist violence in the Netherlands in the year 2015, and developments with respect to previous years. The report has been made on behalf of Anne Frank. The Anne Frank Foundation manages the Anne Frank house and brings her life story to the attention to reflect on the dangers of anti-Semitism, racisme en discriminatie en het belang van vrijheid, equal rights and democracy. The foundation proposes to provide, inter alia, aim to provide information and educational activities about discrimination and human rights, ter bevordering van het goed functioneren van een open, pluriforme, democratische samenleving. A major goal of this report is to provide input for the educational activities of the Anne Frank House. Furthermore, it serves as periodic reporting to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OVSE) en de Europese Unie (EU).